Publications

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

2016

Ordonez, A., Williams, J. W., and Svenning, J. C. (2016) Mapping climate mechanisms likely to favour the emergence of novel communities. Nature Climate Change DOI.
Graham, R. W., Belmecheri, S., Choy, K., Culleton, B., Davies, L. J., Froese, D., Heintzman, P. D., Hritz, C., Kapp, J. D., Newsom, L. A., Rawcliffe, R., Saulnier-Talbot, E., Shapiro, B., Wang, Y., Williams, J. W., and Wooller, M. J. (2016) Timing and causes of a middle Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: 9310-9314. DOI.
Paciorek, C. J., Goring, S. J., Thurman, A., Cogbill, C. V., Williams, J. W., Mladenoff, D. J., Peters, J. A., Zhu, J., and McLachlan, J. S. (2016) Statistically-estimated tree composition for the northeastern United States at the time of Euro-American settlement. PLoS 11:e0150087. DOI
Lorenz, D. J., Nieto-Lugilde, D., Blois, J. L., Fitzpatrick, M. C., and Williams, J. W. (2016) Downscaled and debiased climate simulations for North America from 21,000 years ago to 2100AD. Scientific Data 3:160048. DOI
Maguire, K. C., Nieto-Lugilde, D., Blois, J. L., Fitzpatrick, M. C., Williams, J. W., Ferrier, S., and Lorenz, D. J. (2016) A controlled comparison of species- and community-level models across novel climates and communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283: 20152817. DOI
Dawson, A., Paciorek, C. J., McLachlan, J. S., Goring, S., Williams, J. W., and Jackson, S. T. (2016) Quantifying pollen-vegetation relationships to reconstruct forests using 19th-century forest composition and pollen data. Quaternary Science Reviews 137: 156-175. DOI
Matthes J. H., Goring S., Williams J. W., and Dietze, M. C. (2016) Benchmarking historical CMIP5 land-climate feedbacks across the Upper Midwest and Northeastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research. DOI
Kujawa, E.R., Goring, S.J., Dawson, A., Calcote, R., Grimm, E., Hotchkiss, S., Lynch, E.A., McLachlan, J., St-Jacques, J.M., Umbanhowar, C. and Williams, J.W. (2016) The Effect of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change on Pollen-Vegetation Relationships in the American Midwest. The Anthropocene. DOI

2015

Radeloff V. C.†, Williams J. W.†, Bateman B. L., Burke K. D., Carter S. K., Childress E. S., Cromwell K., Gratton C., Hasley A. O., Kraemer B. M., Latzka A. W., Marin-Spiotta E., Meine C. D., Munoz S. E., Neeson T. M., Pidgeon A. M., Rissman A. R., Rivera R. J., Szymanski L. M., and Usinowicz J. (2015) The rise of novelty in ecosystems. Ecological Applications 25: 2051-2068. DOI † these authors contributed equally to the paper. Invited paper for 100th anniversary issue of Ecological Applications.
Wang, Y., Gill, J., Marsicek, J.P., Dierking, A., Shuman, B., & Williams, J.W. (2015) Pronounced variations in Fagus grandifolia abundances in the Great Lakes region during the Holocene. The Holocene. DOI
Maguire, K.C., Nieto-Lugilde, D., Fitzpatrick, M.C., Williams, J.W., & Blois, J.L. (2015) Modeling species and community responses to past, present, and future episodes of climatic and ecological change. Annual Review of Ecology and Evolutionary Systematics 46: 343-368. DOI
Nieto-Lugilde, D., Maguire, K.C., Blois, J., Williams, J.W., & Fitzpatrick, M.C. (2015) Close agreement between pollen-based and forest inventory-based models of vegetation turnover. Global Ecology & Biogeography 24: 905-916. DOI
Munoz, S.E., Gruley, K.E., Massie, A., Fike, D.A., Schroeder, S., & Williams, J.W. (2015) Cahokia’s emergence and decline coincided with shifts of flood frequency on the Mississippi River. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: 6319-6324. DOI
Goring, S., Dawson, A., Simpson, G., Ram, K., Graham, R. W., Grimm, E. C., and Williams, J. W. (2015) neotoma: A Programmatic Interface to the Neotoma Paleoecological Database. Open Quaternary 1:1-17. DOI

2014

Pederson, N. et al. (2014) Climate remains an important driver of post-European vegetation change in the eastern United States. Global Change Biology. DOI
Ordonez A., Martinuzzi S., Radeloff V. C., and Williams J. W. (2014) Combined speeds of climate and land-use change of the conterminous US until 2050. Nature Climate Change 4: 811-816. DOI
Munoz S. E., Schroeder S., Fike D. A., and Williams J. W. (2014) A record of sustained prehistoric and historic land use from the Cahokia region, Illinois, USA. Geology 42: 499-502. DOI
Munoz S. E., Mladenoff D. J., Schroeder S., and Williams J. W. (2014) Defining the spatial patterns of historical land use associated with the indigenous societies of eastern North America. Journal of Biogeography. DOI
Gavin D. G. et al. (2014) Climate refugia: joint inference from fossil records, species distribution models and phylogeography. New Phytologist 204: 37-54. DOI
Levy O. et al. (2014) Approaches to advance scientific understanding of macrosystems ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12: 15-23. DOI
Seddon A. W. R. et al. (2014) Looking forward through the past: identification of 50 priority research questions in palaeoecology. Journal of Ecology 102: 256-267. DOI
Blois J. L. et al. (2014) A framework for evaluating the influence of climate, dispersal limitation, and biotic interactions using fossil pollen associations across the late Quaternary. Ecography 37. DOI

2013

Reu B., Zaehle S., Bohn K., Kleidon A., Pavlick R., Schmidtlein S., and Williams J. W. (2013) Ecophysiology of novel vegetation types under scenarios of global warming. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23: 156-167. DOI
Blois J. L., Williams J. W., Fitzpatrick M. C., Jackson S. T., and Ferrier S. (2013) Can space substitute for time in predicting climate-change effects on biodiversity? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, 9374-9379. DOI
Williams J. W., Blois J. L., Gill J. L., Gonzales L. M., Grimm E. C., Ordonez A., Shuman B., and Veloz S. (2013) Model systems for a no-analog future: Species associations and climates during the last deglaciation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. DOI
Gill J. L., McLauchlan K. K., Skibbe A. M., Goring S., Zirbel C. R., and Williams J. W. (2013) Linking abundances of the dung fungus Sporormiella to the density of American bison (Bison bison): implications for assessing grazing by megaherbivores in paleorecords. Journal of Ecology 101, 1125–1136. DOI
Ordonez A. and Williams J. W. (2013) Climatic and biotic velocities for woody taxa distributions over the last 16,000 years in eastern North America. Ecology Letters 16, 773-781. DOI
Ordonez A. and Williams J. W. (2013) Projected climate reshuffling based on multivariate climate-availability, climate-analog, and climate-velocity analyses: implications for community disaggregation. Climatic Change 119, 659-675. DOI
Liu Y., Andersen J. J., Williams J. W., and Jackson S. T. (2013) Vegetation history in central Kentucky and Tennessee (USA) during the last glacial and deglacial periods. Quaternary Research 79: 189-198. DOI

2012

Blois J. L., Williams J. W., Fitzpatrick M. C., Ferrier S., Veloz S., He F., Liu Z., Manion G., and Otto-Bliesner B. (2012) Modeling the climatic drivers of spatial patterns in vegetation composition since the Last Glacial Maximum. Ecography 36, 460-473. DOI
Veloz S., Williams J. W., He F., Liu Z., and Otto-Bliesner B. (2012) No-analog climates and shifting realized niches during the late Quaternary: Implications for species distribution models. Global Change Biology 18, 1698-1713. DOI
Williams J. W., Kharouba H. M., Veloz S., Vellend M., McLachlan J. S., Liu Z., Otto-Bliesner B., and He F. (2012) The Ice Age Ecologist: Testing methods for reserve prioritization during the last global warming. Global Ecology & Biogeography 22, 289-301. DOI
Goring S. J., Williams J. W., Blois J. L., Jackson S. T., Paciorek C. J., Booth R. K., Marlon J. R., Blaauw M., and Christen J. A. (2012) Deposition times in the northeastern United States during the Holocene: establishing valid priors for Bayesian age models. Quaternary Science Reviews 48: 54-60. DOI
Gill J. L., Williams J. W., Jackson S. T., Donnelly J. P., and Schellinger G. C. (2012) Climatic and megaherbivory controls on late-glacial vegetation dynamics: A new, high-resolution, multi-proxy record from Silver Lake, Ohio. Quaternary Science Reviews 34: 66-80. DOI
Notaro M., Mauss A., and Williams J. W. (2012) Projected vegetation changes for the American southwest: Combined dynamical modeling and bioclimatic envelope approach. Ecological Applications 22: 1365-1388. DOI
Notaro M., Williams J. W., and Lorenz D. J. (2012) Vegetation and land carbon projections for Wisconsin, USA, in the 21st century. Climate Research 54: 149-165. DOI
Brewer S., Jackson S. T., and Williams J. W. (2012) Paleoecoinformatics: Applying geohistorical data to ecological questions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27: 104-112. DOI
Barnosky A. D., Hadly E. A., Bascompte J., Berlow E. L., Brown J. H., Fortelius M., Getz W. M., Harte J., Hastings A., Marquet P. A., Martinez N. D., Mooers A., Roopnarine P., Vermeij G., Williams J. W., Gillespie R., Kitzes J., Marshall C., Matzke N., Mindell D. P., Revilla E., and Smith A. B. (2012) Approaching a state-shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature 486:52-58. DOI
Schwartz M. W. et al. (2012) Managed relocation: Integrating the scientific, regulatory, and ethical challenges. Bioscience 62: 732-743. DOI
Clark P. U. et al. (2012) Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: E1134-E1142. DOI

2011

Veloz S., Williams J. W., Vimont D. J., Vavrus S., Lorenz D. J., and Notaro M. (2011) Identifying climatic analogs for Wisconsin under 21st-century climate-change scenarios. Climatic Change. DOI
Parker N. E. and Williams J. W. (2011) Influences of climate, cattle density, and lake morphology on Sporormiella abundances in modern lake sediments in the US Great Plains. The Holocene. DOI
Bartlein P. J. et al. (2011) Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis. Climate Dynamics 37: 775-802. DOI
Blois, J. L., Williams, J. W., Grimm, E. C., Jackson, S. T., and Graham, R. W. (2011) A methodological framework for improved paleovegetation mapping from late-Quaternary pollen records. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 1926-1939. DOI
Williams, J. W., Blois, J. L., and Shuman, B. N. (2011) Extrinsic and intrinsic forcing of abrupt ecological change: Case studies from the late Quaternary. Journal of Ecology 99: 667-677. DOI
Williams, J. W., Tarasov, P. A., Brewer, S., and Notaro, M. (2011) Late-Quaternary variations in tree cover at the northern forest-tundra ecotone. Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences 116: G01017. DOI

2010

Notaro, M., Liu, Z., Gallimore, R. G., Williams, J. W., Gutzler, D., and Collins, S. (2010). The complex seasonal cycle of ecohydrology in the southwest United States. Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences 115: G04034. DOI
Henderson, A. K., Nelson, D. M., Hu, F. S., Huang, Y., Shuman, B. N., and Williams, J. W. (2010). Holocene precipitation seasonality captured by a dual hydrogen and oxygen isotope approach at Steel Lake, Minnesota. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 300: 205-214. DOI
Liu, Y., Jackson, S. T., Brewer, S., and Williams, J. W. (2010). Assessing antiquity and turnover of terrestrial ecosystems in eastern North America using fossil pollen data: a preliminary study. Pages in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. DOI
Elias, P. M., Menon, G., Wetzel, B. K., and Williams, J. W. (2010). Barrier requirements as the evolutionary “driver” of epidermal pigmentation in humans. American Journal of Human Biology 22: 526-537. DOI
Tabor, K., and Williams, J. W. (2010). Globally downscaled climate projections for assessing the conservation impacts of climate change. Ecological Applications 20: 554-565. DOI
Williams, J.W., Shuman, B., Bartlein, P.J., Diffenbaugh, N.S. and Webb, T., III (2010) Rapid, time-transgressive, and variable responses to early-Holocene midcontinental drying in North America. Geology 38: 135-138. DOI
Wahl E., Schoelzel C., Williams J., and Tigrek S. (2010) Comment. Journal of the American Statistical Association 105: 900-905. DOI

2009

Gill, J. L., Williams, J. W., Jackson, S. T., Lininger, K., and Robinson, G. S. (2009). Pleistocene megafaunal collapse preceded novel plant communities and enhanced fire regimes. Science 326: 1100-1103. DOI Winner of Ecological Society of America’s Cooper Award. Media attention included interviews with NPR and BBC and articles in the New York Times, the Economist, and Science News.
Gonzales, L. M., Williams, J. W., and Grimm, E. C. (2009). Expanded response-surfaces: A new method to reconstruct paleoclimates from fossil pollen assemblages that lack modern analogues. Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 3315-3332. DOI
Gonzales, L.M., Grimm, E.C., Williams, J.W. and Nordheim, E. (2009) A modern plant-climate research dataset for modelling eastern North American plant taxa. Grana 48: 1-18. DOI
Williams, J.W., Shuman, B. and Bartlein, P.J. (2009) Rapid responses of the Midwestern prairie-forest ecotone to early Holocene aridity. Global and Planetary Change 66: 195-207. DOI
Elias, P. M., Menon, G., Wetzel, B. K., and Williams, J. W. (2009). Evidence that stress to the epidermal barrier influenced the development of pigmentation in humans. Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research 22:420-434. DOI
Williams, J. W., and Shuman, B. (2008). Obtaining accurate and precise environmental reconstructions from the modern analog technique and North American surface pollen dataset. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 669-687. DOI

2008

Williams, J. W., Gonzales, L., Kaplan, J. O. (2008) Leaf area index for northern and eastern North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: A data-model comparison. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 122-134. DOI
Gonzales, L., Williams, J. W., Kaplan, J. O. (2008) Variations in leaf area index in northern and eastern North America over the past 21,000 years: A data-model comparison. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 1453-1466. DOI
Thomas, C.D. Ohlemüller, R., Anderson, B., Hickler, T., Miller, P. A., Sykes, M. T., Williams, J. W. (2008) Exporting the ecological effects of climate change. EMBO Reports 9 S1: S28-S33. DOI
Minckley, T.A. Bartlein, P. J., Whitlock, C., Shuman, B. N., Williams, J. W., Davis, O. K. (2008) Associations among modern pollen, vegetation, and climate in western North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 1939-2094. DOI

2007

Williams, J. W. and Jackson, S. T. (2007) Novel Climates, No-Analog Plant Communities, and Ecological Surprises: Past and Future. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 475-482. DOI Winner of ESA 100 Notable Papers award.
Williams, J. W., Jackson, S. T., Kutzbach, J. E. (2007) Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100AD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 5738-5742. DOI. Media reporting included interviews with NBC Nightly News, NPR All Things Considered, and BBC World News, and articles in Discover Magazine and Science.
Tarasov, P.E., Williams, J.W., Andreev, A.A., Nakagawa, T., Bezrukova, E., Herzschuh, U., Igarashi, Y., Müller, H. (2007) Satellite- and pollen-based quantitative woody cover reconstructions for northern Asia: verification and application to late-Quaternary pollen data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 264: 284-298. DOI

2006

Diffenbaugh, N. S., Ashfaq, M., Shuman, B., Williams, J. W., Bartlein, P. J. (2006). Summer aridity in the United States: Response to Mid-Holocene changes in insolation and sea surface temperature. Geophysical Research Letters 33. DOI
Seabloom, E. W., Williams, J. W., Slayback, D., Stoms, D. M., Viers, J. H., Dobson, A. P. (2006) Human impacts, plant invasion, and imperiled species in California. Ecological Applications 16: 1338-1350. DOI

2005

Notaro, M., Liu, Z., and Williams, J. W. (2006) Observed vegetation-climate feedbacks in the United States. Journal of Climate 19: 763-786. DOI
Kutzbach, J. E., Williams, J. W., and Vavrus, S. J. (2005) Simulated 21st century changes in regional water balance of the Great Lakes region and links to changes in global temperature and poleward moisture transport. Geophysical Research Letters 32. DOI
Jennings, M. D., Williams, J. W., Stromberg, M. R. (2005) Diversity and productivity across plant communities of the inland northwest, USA. Oecologia 143/144: 607-618. DOI
Williams, J. W., Seabloom, E. W., Slayback, D., Stoms, D. M., Viers, J. H. (2005) Anthropogenic impacts upon plant species richness and net primary productivity in California. Ecology Letters 8: 127-137. DOI
Whitmore, J., Gajewski, K., Sawada, M., Williams, J. W., Shuman, B., Bartlein, P. J., Minckley, T., Viau, A. E., Webb, T., III, Anderson, P. M., and Brubaker, L. B. (2005). North American and Greenland modern pollen data for multi-scale paleoecological and paleoclimatic applications. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 1828-1848. DOI

2004

Chalcraft, D. R., Williams, J. W., Smith, M. D., Willig, M. R. (2004) Scale dependence in the species-richness-productivity relationship: The role of species turnover. Ecology 85: 2701-2708. DOI
Jackson, S. T. and Williams, J. W. (2004) Modern analogs in Quaternary paleoecology: Here today, gone yesterday, gone tomorrow? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 32: 495-537. DOI
Williams, J. W., Shuman, B. N., Webb, T., III, Bartlein, P. J., Leduc, P. (2004) Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics in North America: Scaling from taxa to biomes. Ecological Monographs 74: 309-334. Editor’s Choice in Science, May 21, 2004. DOI

2003

Gavin, D. G., Oswald, W. W., Wahl, E. R., Williams, J. W. (2003) A statistical approach to evaluating distance metrics and analog assignments for pollen records. Quaternary Research 60: 356-367. DOI
Williams, J. W. and Jackson, S. T. (2003) Palynological and AVHRR observations of modern vegetational gradients in eastern North America. The Holocene 13: 485-497. DOI
Williams, J. W. (2003) Variations in tree cover in North America since the Last Glacial Maximum. Global and Planetary Change 35: 1-23. DOI

2002

Williams, J. W., Post, D. M., Cwynar, L. C., Lotter, A. F., Levesque, A. J. (2002) Rapid and widespread vegetation responses to past climate change in the North Atlantic region. Geology 30: 971-974. Featured in Post (2003) TREE commentary. DOI
Shuman, B. N., Webb III, T., Bartlein, P. J., Williams, J. W. (2002) The anatomy of a climatic oscillation: Vegetation change in eastern North America during the Younger Dryas chronozone. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 1777-1791. DOI

2001

Williams, J. W., Shuman, B. N., Webb III, T. (2001) Dissimilarity analyses of late-Quaternary vegetation and climate in eastern North America. Ecology 82: 3346-3362. [DOI](https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001) Editor’s Choice in Science (2002) 295: 409. Winner of Ecological Society of America’s Cooper Award.

2000 and prior years

Williams, J. W., Webb III, T., Richard, P. J. H., Newby, P. (2000) Late Quaternary biomes of Canada and the eastern United States. Journal of Biogeography 27: 585-607. DOI
Edwards, M. E. et al. (2000) Pollen-based biomes for Beringia 18,000, 6000, and 0 14C yr. B.P. Journal of Biogeography 27: 521-554. DOI
Williams, J. W., Bartlein, P. J., and Webb III, T. (2000) Data-model comparisons for eastern North America - inferred biomes and climate values from pollen data. Proceedings of the 3rd Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Workshop, Oct. 4-8, 1999. Montreal, Canada. Edited by P. Braconnot. WCRP-111, WMO/TD-No. 1007, pp. 77-86.
Williams, J. W., Webb III, T., Shuman, B. N., and Bartlein, P. J. (2000) Do low CO2 concentrations affect pollen-based reconstructions of LGM climates? A response to ‘Physiological significance of low atmospheric CO2 for plant-climate interactions’ by Cowling and Sykes. Quaternary Research 53: 402-404. DOI
Jackson, S. T., Webb, R. S., Anderson, K. H., Overpeck, J. T., Webb III, T., Williams, J. W., and Hansen, B. C. S. (2000) Vegetation and environments in eastern North America during the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 489-508. DOI
Williams, J. W., Summers, R., and Webb III, T. (1998) Applying plant functional types to construct biome maps from eastern North American pollen data: comparisons with model results. Quaternary Science Reviews 17: 607-627. DOI
Williams, J. W. (1995) Factors controlling the formation of fossiliferous beds in the Devonian Columbus limestone at Marblehead Quarry, Marblehead, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Sciences 95: 325-330. (OJS Paper of the Year)

Book Chapters

Williams, J.W. & Shuman, B.N. (2013). Pollen records, postglacial: Northeastern North America. In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (eds S.A. Elias & C.J. Mock). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Grimm, E.C., Keltner, J., Cheddadi, R., Hicks, S., Lézine, A.-M., Berrio, J.C., & Williams, J.W. (2013). Pollen databases and their application. In Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (eds S.A. Elias & C.J. Mock), pp. 831-838. Elsevier.
Lorenz, D. J., Vavrus, S. J., Vimont, D. J., Williams, J. W., Notaro, M., Young, J. A., DeWeaver, E. T., and Hopkins, E. J. (2009). Wisconsin’s changing climate: temperature. Understanding Climate Change: Climate Variability, Predictability, and Change in the Midwestern United States. Edited by S. C. Pryor. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, pp. 76-87.
Lorenz, D. J., Vavrus, S. J., Vimont, D. J., Williams, J. W., Notaro, M., Young, J. A., DeWeaver, E. T., and Hopkins, E. J. (2009). Wisconsin’s changing climate: hydrologic cycle. Understanding Climate Change: Climate Variability, Predictability, and Change in the Midwestern United States. Edited by S. C. Pryor. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, pp. 135-144.
Williams, J. W. (2009) Quaternary Vegetation Distributions. Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Edited by V. Gornitz. Springer-Verlag.
Cook, E.R. Bartlein, P. J., Diffenbaugh, N. S., Seager, R., Shuman, B., Webb, R. S., Williams, J. W., Woodhouse, C. A. (2008) Hydrological variability and change, Abrupt Climate Change, A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Washington, DC.
Williams, J. W. (2006) Postglacial pollen records of northeastern North America. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Edited by S. A. Elias. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Grimm, E. C., Keltner, J., Cheddadi, R., Hicks, S., Lézine, A.-M., Berrio, J. C., and Williams, J. W.. (2006) Pollen databases and their application. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Edited by S. A. Elias. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Webb, T., Shuman, B. N., Williams, J. W. (2004) Climatically forced vegetation dynamics in North America during the late Quaternary period. The Quaternary Period in the United States. Edited by Gillespie, A. R., Porter, S. C., Atwater, B. F. Elsevier, pp. 459-478.

Books

Williams, J. W., B. Shuman, P. J. Bartlein, J. Whitmore, K. Gajewski, M. Sawada, T. Minckley, S. Shafer, A. E. Viau, T. Webb, III, P. M. Anderson, L. B. Brubaker, C. Whitlock, and O. K. Davis. (2006) An Atlas of Pollen-Vegetation-Climate Relationships for the United States and Canada. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Dallas, TX. 273p